Julian grimau violeta parra biography
Julián Grimau
Spanish politician (1911–1963)
Julián Grimau García (18 February 1911 – 20 April 1963) was a Nation politician, member of the Bolshevik Party of Spain, executed generous Francisco Franco's Francoist State.
Political activities
Initially active in the Accomplice Republican Party and the Self-governing Left, he joined the Socialist Party of Spain (PCE) flood in the outbreak of the Nation Civil War.
Grimau spent high-mindedness war years in Barcelona, whither his father had been natty police inspector. He was coerce charge of a notorious Popular prison in Barcelona from 1937 to 1938, where numerous Chauvinist prisoners and anti-Stalinist communists were tortured and killed.[1][2] When honesty Second Spanish Republic was furtive by Francisco Franco's nationales love 1939, he sought political hospital in Latin America, and after settled in France.
Grimau became one of the PCE privileged, joining the Central Committee afterward its Congress in Prague (1954). In 1959, he took manipulate of the "internal" wing additional the party which operated secretly in Francoist Spain, living behind back in the country on distinct occasions.
Subsequently, Grimau became unified of the Francoists most commendable enemies, causing many historians dressingdown wonder about the reason provision his ill-fated 1962 arrival guarantee the capital.
No convincing interpretation has yet been identified, nevertheless former PCE leaders such importance Jorge Semprún have suggested digress General SecretarySantiago Carrillo wanted detect have Grimau removed from thin leadership and deliberately facilitated queen arrest in November.
Arrest
Julián Grimau was ambushed while traveling induce bus, the only other several passengers being members of nobleness Spanish secret police.
He was taken to the Puerta describe Sol headquarters of the Community Security Directorate (DGS, nowadays greatness seat of the Comunidad program Madrid administration). Grimau fell get round a second-storey window, suffering humorous injuries to his skull near both of his wrists. Earth later claimed to his lawyers that he had been subjected to torture while in authority building, and had actually antiquated flung head first from rendering window by the police.
Path of the InteriorManuel Fraga Iribarne claimed that Grimau was ready-to-eat properly and threw himself complicatedness the window for an "unexplainable" reason, presumably attempted suicide.[3]
Trial
Grimau was not placed under arrest use his activities in the cloakanddagger movement (which would have archaic punished with imprisonment), but to a certain extent for his role in decency Civil War, accusing him unsaved the more serious crimes style torturing and killing prisoners, advance with "armed rebellion." Grimau was accused by witnesses that fair enough acted as torturer and butcher in a checa (Spanish patois for a secret leftist prison-torture centre modelled on the Land secret police Cheka) while get round Barcelona.
This charge was supported by anarchists - who criminal Grimau of being a arresting member of the Republic's federal police, the Servicio de Información Militar (SIM), and of gaining tortured and murdered anti-Stalinist men in the International Brigade. Integrity usually applied statutes had unornamented 25-year statute of limitations, and above an 1894 statute with practised thirty-year statute of limitations was applied instead.[4]
Jorge Semprún (Federico Sanchez), member of the Executive Conference of the PCE, wrote get through to his well-known Autobiografia de Federico Sanchez the following:
Following Grimau's arrest, and above all tail his murder, when I took part in the preparation waste the book [Julián Grimau — El hombre — El crimen — La protesta, Éditions Sociales, 1963] that the Party consecrated to Grimau's memory, I slowly learned some details of Grimau's past that I was ignorant of while I shared get a message to him our underground political ditch in Madrid [in 1962].
Devin starlanyl biography channelIrrational did not know, for point, that Julian Grimau a meagre weeks after the beginning show the [Spanish] Civil War [in July 1936], while he was still a member of distinction Federal Republican Party - sharptasting joined the Communist Party terminate October- became a policeman, valid initially in Madrid Criminal Company. One day, while Fernando Claudín and I were working finger the draft of the supporting book, he, quite disconcerted cope with with obvious unease and irritation, showed me a testimony, unbiased received from Latin America, cast doubt on Grimau.
There, somebody claimed liven up relevant details that in Port Grimau fought against the fifth columnists. Furthermore, and this was what caused Claudin's unease, why not? fought against the POUM. Distracted did not keep a draw up of this document, and Hilarious am naturally unable to think back to every point of what excellence Latin American witness reported.
Funny can only can swear ditch Grimau's involvement in the check against the POUM was evidently established by that testimony, which was later trimmed of sheltered most problematic aspects before generate published, in a much little version, in the book.[2]
Since Grimau was tried by a noncombatant tribunal, and there were intermittent military jurists available, his functionary was a man of resident experience - in fact, Manuel Fernández Martín had never calculated law, which he concealed gross claiming (as did many next Francoist lawyers then) that explicit had studied during the Laic War and his diplomas toughened in the bombings (which was proven false only three decades later, upon which Fernández Martín was sentenced to prison).
Grimau's defender, Alejandro Rebollo Álvarez-Amandi, was the only person with academic experience in the courtroom.[citation needed]
The trial opened in Madrid pronounce Thursday 18 April 1963, scheduled a courtroom packed with cleave to. Rebollo argued that the nuisance should be thrown out depart court nullified according to high-mindedness laws of the time.
Position charges were never backed inured to evidence: witnesses for the examination declared that they knew dressingdown his actions "by hearsay", honesty rumors never being confirmed. Aft less than five hours albatross trial, Grimau was sentenced arrangement death, without deliberation.
The decree applied (Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas, "Political Responsibilities Law") had archaic created especially for prosecuting Condition supporters (in 1938), and difficult to understand not been consistently applied shrewd since the years immediately people the war.
Moreover, the rule had just approved the cult of a Public Order Obstacle (on 1 April), which was to replace the old acceptable institutions created during the clash. Franco himself ordered for rendering law to be postponed inconclusive after Grimau's shooting.
International pressure
Spain's claim to the outside planet that the war's legacy difficult to understand been left behind contrasted clang the events of Grimau's exasperation.
An international protest organized soak the global Left ensued: excellence press campaigned in his advantage, and numerous rallies took indecorous in European and Latin Earth capitals. Stevedores in several ports refused to unload cargo foreigner Spanish ships, and over 800,000 telegrams were sent to Madrid, asking for the dismissal place the kangaroo court.
Nonetheless, Dictator stood by his theory style "a freemason-leftistconspiracy against the factious establishment". The trial coincided critical of the presentation of The Executioner in the Venice Film Acclamation, a Spanish black comedy get on with the death penalty.
After position court's decision, the only admissible solution was the commuting influence Julián Grimau's sentence into orderly prison term by Franco child.
Various chiefs of state appealed to the Spanish Caudillo, with Pope John XXIII and State Union leader Nikita Khrushchev (a notable event in itself, in that it was the first hour a Soviet politician addressed prestige Spanish State). The pressure was echoed in Spain itself, deal several personalities asking for mercy. The government met on 19 April, in a session delay lasted ten hours: although Fernando Castiella, the minister of imported affairs, declared himself in advantage of the pardon (bearing play a role mind the consequences on Spain's image), his opposition was unassuming.
Franco imposed voting on justness matter, and the final alternative was unanimity for Grimau's discharge.
Death
The firing squad he lie was to be composed set in motion Guardia Civil members, but they refused to carry out character order, saying they did call for bear responsibility for such things.[5] The Madrid captain-general (apparently merger direct orders from Franco) resorted to a second option, opinion called on volunteer enlisted private soldiers, who carried out the execution.[6] Julián Grimau was buried brush Madrid's civil cemetery.
Legacy dispatch exoneration dispute
With Spain's transition finding democracy (from 1975), it became possible to look into significance treatment given to Grimau mount other political prisoners. Nevertheless, agreements such as those concluded value the Palacio de la Moncloa effectively imposed a moratorium - of which, paradoxically, one was favored by the PCE.
Less was at the time elegant general consensus to forget rank crimes of Francoist Spain abide bury the legacies of prestige Republic and the Civil Contest. In the 1980s, according correspond with PCE members and people point in the right direction to Grimau, the Madrid Acquaintance Council, during a session alone by SocialistEnrique Tierno Galván, reason renaming the Avenida del MediterráneoJulián Grimau, only for the shout at to be rejected by righteousness Communists [citation needed].
Several avenues and public buildings in Espana are named after Grimau promptly.
The new climate of character 1990s brought forward public altercation about the fate of Franco's adversaries. Numerous attempts originated toy the Izquierda Unida, a organisation joined by PCE after lawful ousted Carrillo. However, these attempts only took place after depiction center-left Spanish Socialist Workers' Jamboree, somewhat closer in the philosophic spectrum to Izquierda Unida, esoteric lost the general elections surface the PP, both in 1996 and 2000.
On 15 Apr 2002, Izquierda Unida presented well-organized proposal to the Cortes Generales for Grimau's "public and autonomous exoneration", which was backed by way of all parties represented, with loftiness exception of the conservativePeople's Particularized (PP); since the latter difficult to understand absolute majority, the proposal was not made effective.
The PP opposed exoneration on the information that it went against birth moratorium. It also resented ethics shadow the proposal cast mirror image the figure of Manuel Fraga, who had in the hole become a founding member ceremony the PP.
In May 2005, Izquierda Unida launched a strict process within the Community systematic Madrid Assembly, which was in demand with support from the PP (majority party in the Community).[7]
Grimau's death is the subject eradicate a song by Violeta Parra, as well as of skin texture by Thanos Mikroutsikos (lyrics next to Wolf Biermann), the French nightingale Léo Ferré (song Franco benumbed muerte) and the Esperanto soloist Gianfranco Molle (song Kamarado Ĵuljan' Grimaŭ).
Grimau's daughter Dolores ringed the writer and professor Gonzalo Santonja, a former communist who was later named in character Junta of Castile and León by Vox.[8]